BULLETIN of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University Law Series

Key Aspects of Legal Reforms in the New Uzbekistan

F.A. Mukhitdinova — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article analyzes the key aspects of legal reforms carried out under the leadership of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev. It examines the main directions of transformation in the country's legal system, including the renewal of the Constitution, improvement of the judicial and legal sphere, introduction of digital technologies into court activities, and strengthening of mechanisms for the protection of human rights and freedoms.

Particular attention is paid to the content of the constitutional reform of 2023, issues of ensuring judicial independence, and increasing the effectiveness of justice. Based on the analysis of current legislation, regulatory legal acts, and the practice of their implementation, the article reveals the results of ongoing reforms and their significance for the further development of the rule of law. It is concluded that the reforms being carried out are comprehensive and consistent in nature, contribute to strengthening the rule of law, improving the level of legal protection of citizens, and forming a modern system of public administration in the conditions of New Uzbekistan.

Improving the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of prevention of domestic violence: current problems and solutions

A.K. Kambarov, M.B. Muratkhanova, E.A. Ashimova — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article examines the national legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan regulating the prevention of domestic violence. An analysis of its content and application practices has been carried out, key implementation problems have been identified, and possible modernization directions have been outlined. The relevance of the study is related to the growing number of reported cases of domestic violence, as well as the need to implement strategic government documents, including the Concept of Family and Gender Policy until 2030.

The special Law «On the Prevention of Domestic Violence» in force in Kazakhstan has revealed a number of shortcomings in practice: low effectiveness of interdepartmental cooperation, limited preventive measures with offenders, incomplete registration of perpetrators of violence, as well as difficulties in identifying violence against women and children.

The article also compares the experience of the Kyrgyz Republic, where recent legislative changes have increased responsibility for such offenses. Based on scientific research and practical recommendations, measures are proposed to improve Kazakhstan's legislation: strengthening the coordination of government agencies, introducing effective algorithms for early detection and response, developing a victim support system, as well as increasing the effectiveness of preventive measures against aggressors.

Seasonal features of detecting and countering criminally punishable illegal hunting

А. Seralina, E. Ablaeva, А. Savakassova — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article examines the seasonal features of detecting and countering criminally punishable illegal hunting in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The relevance of the work is due to the growing public and state interest in environmental safety issues, as well as the lack of comprehensive studies in domestic criminal law and criminology on the influence of seasonal factors on the dynamics of registration of crimes under Article 337 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The problem is that official statistics show a pronounced unevenness in the detection of illegal hunting during the year, but this pattern has not previously received a systematic scientific analysis.

The purpose of the study is to identify, quantify and scientifically substantiate the influence of the seasonal factor on the dynamics of registration of criminally punishable illegal hunting, as well as to develop recommendations for improving the effectiveness of its detection and prevention. The work is based on an analysis of official statistical data for 2020-2025, including 72 calendar observations. The study uses formal legal, statistical, comparative analytical, systemic and dialectical methods, as well as methods of dynamic and structural analysis.

The results showed a steady seasonal concentration of crime registration in the autumn-winter period (October–February), which accounts for 73.6% of all identified cases, with a systematic minimum in April–June. At the same time, a downward trend in annual indicators was established (a decrease of 50.93% over the study period), which indicates the complex impact of both actual criminal activity and the intensity of control measures. It is confirmed that law enforcement statistics reflect the interaction of "violation intensity" and "control intensity".

The scientific novelty of the work lies in the integration of criminal law and statistical analysis, taking into account managerial factors. The practical significance lies in the possibility of using the findings in the planning of operational and preventive measures and the formation of a seasonally oriented model of countering illegal hunting. The study contributes to the development of criminological characteristics of environmental crimes and expands the understanding of the mechanisms of their detection in conditions of seasonal variability.

Criminal law mechanism for countering economic smuggling: status and problems

Zh.D. Seilkhanov, V.B. Shabanov — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Economic smuggling constitutes one of the most serious threats to a state’s economic security, causing damage to financial interests and undermining the stability of law and order. The article examines issues related to improving the criminal law regulation of liability for economic smuggling in the Republic of Kazakhstan, with particular emphasis on Article 234 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The purpose of the study is to develop scientifically grounded proposals aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of countering economic smuggling, safeguarding national interests, and preventing the illegal movement of goods across the customs border of the Eurasian Economic Union and the State border of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The study analyzes the provisions of criminal legislation and judicial practice, identifying key problems in law enforcement. Special attention is given to the differentiation of criminal liability depending on the nature and degree of public danger, including repeated commission of the offense, its perpetration by a group of persons by prior conspiracy, abuse of official position, as well as commission on a large or especially large scale.

The scientific significance of the research lies in clarifying approaches to defining the limits of criminal liability and formulating proposals for their improvement. The practical significance is reflected in the possibility of applying the findings in legislative development and in the activities of law enforcement agencies. The methodological framework of the study includes general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, formal-legal and comparative-legal methods, as well as the examination of judicial practice materials.

The study substantiates the need to strengthen criminal liability, including increasing terms of imprisonment and the amount of fines. It also proposes stricter measures for officials and members of organized criminal groups involved in economic smuggling. The conclusion is drawn that punishment should be differentiated depending on the method of committing the offense and the severity of its consequences. The results contribute to improving the legal mechanism for combating economic smuggling.

Features of the classification of types, forms, and structural models of transnational organized criminal groups in the context of the construction and dissemination of mass influence markers on social media platforms

Y.S. Shalkharov, A.N. Nartay, G.M. Rysmagambetova — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines the specific features of the classification of transnational organized criminal formations operating within the digital environment and generating markers of mass influence across social media platforms. The study identifies five principal categories of such groups: network-based coordination hubs, hybrid criminal-ideological entities, quasi-legal media platforms, anonymous distributed communities, and temporary mobilization clusters. Three structural types are distinguished, namely centralized, decentralized, and hybrid configurations. In addition, seven functional forms are elaborated, including information injections, viral flash mobs, coordinated harassment campaigns, manipulative narratives, event fabrication, the deployment of bot networks, and the covert promotion of destructive ideas. The primary objective of the research is to develop an integrated criminological classification model of these formations and to assess their impact on societal stability. The study is situated within the broader framework of national security, operational intelligence activity, digital trace monitoring and analysis, threat profiling, and the theory of organized crime. The methodological foundation combines cohort analysis with an examination of the correlation dynamics underlying the dissemination of destructive content. The findings reveal a stable relationship between the activity of these structures and the emergence of interethnic, international, and interreligious conflicts, calls for public disorder, the formation of negative ideologies, the delegitimization of state authority, institutional destabilization, youth radicalization, and the escalation of social tension. The analysis also incorporates elements from a number of historically significant events, including Zhanaozen, Malovodnoye, Chilik, Alisher Navoi-related incidents, Arkankergen, the Zhamyl-Tas episode, Korday, and the January events. The research is oriented toward the development of a predictive and preventive analytical instrument. Its scientific contribution lies in refining the conceptual framework and expanding the typology of organized criminal groups in the digital domain. Its practical value is reflected in the potential application of the proposed classification for threat forecasting, the design of countermeasures, and the enhancement of operational and analytical practices. Additionally, the study identifies several forms of impact, such as the spread of panic sentiments, the erosion of trust in law enforcement institutions, the distortion of historical memory, the intensification of migration-related conflicts, economic destabilization, the growth of cybercrime, the formation of shadow influence networks, and the involvement of minors in unlawful activities. The conclusions provide a more precise understanding of the mechanisms underlying covert control over mass behavior. They may be applied in the development of state-level preventive strategies and interagency coordination frameworks.

Criminal Liability of Minors for Offenses in the Field of Informatization and Communications

H. Halibiyati, N.K. Amirov , S. Adilgazy — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article examines issues of the legal responsibility of minors for administrative and criminal offenses in the field of informatization and communications in the context of rapid digitalization. The purpose of the study is to analyze the specific features of holding minors legally liable for offenses in the digital environment and to develop scientifically grounded recommendations for improving legislation and law enforcement practice, taking into account age-related, psychological, and social characteristics. The methodological framework is based on general scientific and special legal methods, including analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, formal legal and comparative legal methods, as well as the analysis of statistical data and law enforcement practice in the Republic of Kazakhstan and selected foreign jurisdictions.

The results show that minors’ involvement in digital offenses is driven by technological accessibility, insufficient legal and digital culture, and psychological immaturity associated with incomplete legal awareness. The scientific value of the study lies in the systematization of approaches to juvenile liability for cyber offenses. The practical significance consists in the applicability of the findings to preventive programs, educational initiatives aimed at improving adolescents’ legal and digital culture, and the further development of legislation and law enforcement practice in the field of informatization and communications.

Current issues in the realization of the rights of children with autism spectrum disorder in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Zh.A. Bitabarova, A.Zh. Tussupova, N.B. Mynbayeva — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Against the backdrop of the steady increase in the number of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), improving the legal regulation of their status and ensuring the effective implementation of their state-guaranteed rights has become an issue of particular importance. The purpose of this study is to identify the systemic challenges in the implementation of the rights of children with ASD in the Republic of Kazakhstan, to analyze the current legislation and law enforcement practice, and to develop scientifically grounded recommendations for their improvement. The main areas of the research include the analysis of legal mechanisms for early diagnosis, medical, social, and educational support for children with ASD, the assessment of the effectiveness of state regulation in this field, and the identification of priority directions for the development of national legislation. The scientific significance of the study lies in its comprehensive legal analysis of the legal status of children with ASD, which fills an existing gap in Kazakhstan's legal scholarship, while its practical significance is reflected in the development of specific recommendations aimed at improving legislation and law enforcement practice. The methodological framework is based on general scientific and special legal methods, including analysis and synthesis, the systemic approach, formal legal and comparative legal methods, content analysis, legal modeling, and the analysis of law enforcement practice. The study identifies the key challenges affecting the implementation of the rights of children with ASD, including deficiencies in diagnostic procedures, the absence of a unified interagency approach, a shortage of qualified professionals, limited access to evidence-based intervention methods, and the need to transition to the International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision (ICD-11). The authors propose a set of organizational and legislative measures aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of state policy in this area. The value of the research lies in establishing a scientific foundation for the further development of the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the protection of the rights of children with ASD and in developing practical mechanisms to improve access to medical, social, and educational services, strengthen law enforcement practice, and promote the full social inclusion of children with autism spectrum disorder.

Content and specific features of the status of a Constitutional court judge: a theoretical and legal analysis

S.G. Kozhakhmetova, G.Zh. Tuleubayeva, А.О. Kasymbek — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study examines the theoretical and legal foundations of the legal status of a judge of the Constitutional Court. Particular attention is paid to the constitutional and legal nature of the status of a judge of the constitutional review body, the judge's place within the system of state authority, and the role in ensuring the supremacy of the Constitution and protecting human and civil rights and freedoms. The relevance of the topic is determined by the fact that the Constitutional Court serves as a key institution of constitutional review whose activities are aimed at maintaining the balance between the branches of government, upholding the principles of the rule of law, and strengthening constitutional legality.

The purpose of this article is to reveal the content and specific features of the legal status of a Constitutional Court judge, with particular emphasis on a comparative legal analysis of selected national models, specifically the legislation of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Poland. In this regard, the article examines the concept, principal structural elements, and specific characteristics of the legal status of judges of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Particular attention is devoted to such components of legal status as the rights and duties of judges, guarantees of judicial independence, qualification requirements for candidates, legal restrictions and prohibitions, as well as the procedure for termination of judicial powers and the grounds for legal responsibility.

The study demonstrates that the legal status of a Constitutional Court judge possesses a unique legal nature, as it is associated not only with the administration of constitutional justice but also with safeguarding the foundations of the constitutional order. A Constitutional Court judge must possess a high level of professional competence, legal culture, independence, and impartiality. Based on the conducted analysis, the article concludes that the legal status of judges of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan plays a crucial role in ensuring the stability of the constitutional system, strengthening the rule of law, enhancing public confidence in state institutions, and promoting the further development of a democratic state governed by the rule of law.

Intersections between child trafficking and educational perspectives

A.T. Batyrbekova, A.SH. Mutalyapova, L.V. Bertovskii — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Child trafficking remains one of the most serious violations of children’s rights and a significant social problem worldwide. The issue of child trafficking can be considered in an interdisciplinary context, linking it with various scientific fields. In order to determine the part that educational initiatives play in preventing child trafficking, this article will look at the problem from the perspectives of law and education, particularly as it relates to higher education.

It is known that certain crimes, such as child trafficking, domestic violence, forced child labor, etc., are committed due to a lack of education. Therefore, it is important to link the work of law enforcement agencies, especially those dealing with child trafficking, with education to better understand how to improve the quality and effectiveness of efforts to combat this crime. This paper examines the relationship between child trafficking in the legal context and education, particularly higher education. The study aims to analyze the understanding of the problem of child trafficking among university students in Ust-Kamenogorsk, Almaty and Astana. The work's primary goal is to determine how well-informed students are about the causes, effects, and measures to combat child trafficking, as well as how they view the issue from the perspectives of social and legal responsibility.

Legal regulation of the safety of hydraulic structures: analysis of legislation and experience of the Republic of Kazakhstan and foreign states

G.B. Teleuyev, A.E. Bekturganov, D. Nurmukhankyzy — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific research on the issues of safety of hydraulic structures in the practice and legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan and foreign states is comprehensively studied. In a scientific study, the authors proved that the safety of hydraulic structures is of great importance, along with strategic priorities for the state, such as water safety and environmental safety. Recommendations on improving the national legal system based on the experience of such states as the United States, the member states of the European Union, and Finland in ensuring the safety of hydraulic structures were given. Based on a comparative legal analysis, the authors identified such measures as the importance of a direct legislative act in regulating the activities of hydraulic structures, the effectiveness of a special state body and the categorization of hydraulic structures, and the effectiveness of fixing the limits of responsibility of owners to them.

The scientific article was prepared in order to implement the project AP26193915, legal regulation of operation and safety of hydraulic structures in the context of Sustainable Development, funded by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Remediation institute under the environmental legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan

N.M. Marat, A.B. Sopykhanova, A.А. Bekturganova — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article provides a comprehensive scientific and legal analysis of the remediation institute in the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the context of the development of the “green economy” and the modernization of environmental regulation. The relevance of the study is determined by the insufficient theoretical development of this institute, the fragmented nature of the regulatory framework, and the absence of a unified law enforcement practice, which is particularly significant in the context of industrial development and active subsoil use.

The purpose of the study is to identify the legal nature of remediation, analyze its content, and determine directions for improvement in accordance with the principles of sustainable development. The research employs formal-legal, system-structural, comparative-legal, and logical-doctrinal methods.

It has been established that the modern model of legal regulation of remediation in Kazakhstan has evolved from a compensatory approach, based on monetary compensation for environmental damage, to a restorative model focused on achieving actual environmental outcomes. The Environmental Code defines remediation as a set of mandatory measures aimed at restoring environmental components to their baseline condition, implemented through a remediation program with elements of control, monitoring, and transparency.

The scientific novelty of the work lies in substantiating remediation as an independent cross-sectoral legal institute that goes beyond environmental regulation. The current legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan establishes the remediation institute within the framework of environmental law. Problems of coordination between environmental, land, and subsoil use legislation, differences in terminology, and insufficient clarity regarding the legal status of participants in remediation relations have been identified. The necessity of forming remediation as an independent cross-sectoral legal institute is justified.

Proposals for improving legislation include unifying the conceptual framework, developing procedural mechanisms for implementing remediation, and strengthening the scientific doctrine in this field. The study concludes on the need to transition to an integrated model of restorative environmental regulation aimed at ensuring environmental safety and sustainable development.

Current Issues in the Application of LegalTech in Electronic Interactions in Entrepreneurial Activity

N.N. Nusipzhanov, D. Azhinurina, S.A. Sarina — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article explores the main trends in the development of electronic business and the role of LegalTech innovations in entrepreneurship. The digital transformation of business activities, especially through technologies like blockchain, artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning (ML), has fundamentally reshaped the landscape of entrepreneurship. Blockchain technology, while reducing transaction costs, poses challenges in resolving disputes without a third-party intermediary. Additionally, AI and ML are becoming strategic priorities for businesses, allowing them to enhance productivity, improve customer experience, and personalize services. Moreover, augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) applications are transforming how businesses engage with consumers by enabling them to visualize products before purchase, reducing product returns. The article highlights that despite the opportunities provided by these technologies, businesses must reorganize their systems and processes to fully capitalize on digital innovations. Cloud computing and mobile payment systems are further advancing business efficiency, though concerns regarding data privacy and control remain. Ultimately, businesses must integrate these technologies while addressing new regulatory and infrastructural challenges to remain competitive in an increasingly digital economy.

The Place of Forensic Biology Examination within Forensic Expert Practice

D.A. Dauletyarov , M.K Bissenova, N.S. Salaev — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article discusses a general analysis of regulatory legal acts and scientific literature that establishes the specifics of legal and methodological support for conducting forensic biological examination. This includes the use of forensic biological expertise in the detection of offenses related to animal cruelty, illegal hunting, the detection of crimes and the study of factual data determined in connection with the scene of the incident during the investigation.

The criteria for the forms and limits of the use of special expertise of forensic experts are also defined.

The development of modern science makes it possible to significantly expand the range of objects used in the field of forensic biological research. However, this requires a revision and formation of the theoretical foundations of forensic biological examination.

In line with current trends in scientific development, the range of objects used in forensic examination has expanded. This includes enabling the identification of objects of plant and animal origin.

Methods for organizing forensic biological examinations were identified. The expert results obtained were comprehensively reviewed, and an in-depth analysis of the collected data was carried out. In addition, the significance of the examination and possible ways for its improvement were proposed.

During the study, the scientific validity of the methods used in forensic examination was clarified. The results were analyzed as a key tool that enhances the evidentiary value and reliability of forensic biological examination and strengthens the legal substance of forensic decisions.

The practical significance lies in the analysis of the results of applying methods and tools in forensic biological examinations involving animal-derived objects as a type of forensic biological expertise.

The aim of the study is to analyze the theoretical and scientific-methodological foundations of forensic expert activities related to protected species of plants and animals.

Intelligent regulation as an alternative to administrative normativism: A new paradigm of lawmaking in Kazakhstan

Ye. Alimkulov, K. Safinov, U. Akhatov — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article examines the problem of transforming lawmaking in the Republic of Kazakhstan in the context of the digitalization of public administration and the development of artificial intelligence technologies. It substantiates that the existing model of administrative normativism, focused on excessive detail of legal regulation, leads to legislative inflation, fragmentation of the regulatory framework, conflicts, and a decrease in the effectiveness of law enforcement. The aim of the study is to provide a theoretical justification for the transition to a new paradigm of intelligent regulation based on a principles-oriented approach, evidence-based policy, and the digital infrastructure of law. The article shows that the modernization of legislation should include a fundamental cleanup of the regulatory framework, the introduction of a "regulatory guillotine" mechanism, the formation of a unified database of legal definitions, the use of artificial intelligence as an analytical tool for lawmaking, and the mandatory application of regulatory impact assessment. It is concluded that intelligent regulation acts not only as a technological innovation but also as a new model of legal policy aimed at increasing the flexibility, consistency, transparency, and effectiveness of the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Maternal migration issues in foreign countries: legal analysis and recommendations for Kazakhstan

G.G. Turysbekova, S.K. Yessetova, A.A. Kassymzhanova — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The purpose of this study is to analyze the legal aspects of maternal migration abroad and develop recommendations for adapting Kazakhstan's legislation to the realities of modern migration policy. The key idea is the need to develop a comprehensive approach to protecting the interests of mothers and their children in the context of migration. This article analyzes existing problems and proposes specific measures to improve legal regulation in Kazakhstan. The results of the study can be used in the development of new legislation and programs to support migrants. The study utilizes methods of comparative law, analysis of international treaties, and analysis of national legislation in foreign countries. The study identified gaps in Kazakhstan's legislation related to the protection of the rights of migrant mothers. A comparative analysis of international experience is conducted, and specific recommendations for its adaptation to Kazakhstan's conditions are proposed. This article contributes to the development of the theory and practice of migration law, proposing specific solutions for improving the legal protection of one of the most vulnerable categories of migrants. The results of this work can be used by government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and other stakeholders to develop and implement effective migration policies aimed at protecting the rights of migrant mothers and their children.

Penalty points as a tool for reducing road traffic injuries: international experience and prospects for implementation in the Republic of Kazakhstan

A.Y. Kulzhanov, A.D. Tazhenov, A.S. Baikenzheyev — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines the problem of improving the effectiveness of administrative enforcement in the field of road traffic safety in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Based on the analysis of official statistics, it is established that the current system, primarily based on monetary fines, does not provide a sufficient preventive effect, especially for repeat offenders. The aim of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of international experience with demerit point systems and to develop scientifically grounded proposals for their implementation in Kazakhstan.

The methodological framework includes comparative legal, statistical, systemic, and formal legal methods. The study analyzes demerit point systems in Germany, France, Italy, as well as in Uzbekistan and Ukraine, which made it possible to identify common principles such as accumulation, inevitability of consequences, differentiation of offenses, and the presence of positive incentive mechanisms.

As a result, a conceptual model of a demerit point system adapted to the conditions of Kazakhstan is proposed. The model includes integration with the national eGovernment platform, a differentiated scoring system depending on the severity of violations, incentive mechanisms for safe driving, and a staged system of impact on offenders. The scientific novelty lies in the development of a comprehensive model aimed at shifting from a punitive-fiscal approach to an educational and preventive paradigm in road safety enforcement.

The implementation of the proposed system will enhance the effectiveness of prevention, reduce road traffic injuries, and strengthen public safety.